Pruritus, or persistent itching, is a common issue for cats and can be caused by various environmental and medical factors. Understanding the multiple causes of pruritus in cats and accurately diagnosing it is necessary for effective treatment. This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of pruritus in cats, focusing on clinical management.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of pruritus in cats requires a comprehensive history, physical examination, and dermatologic evaluation. The veterinarian should take a detailed history, including the cat’s environment, diet, recent changes or new objects introduced into the home, and recent travel or climate changes. It is essential to inquire about the onset and duration of pruritus and any other clinical signs that may be present such as alopecia, erythema, scaling, or crusting.
A thorough physical exam should be performed focusing on the skin and coat. Palpation of the skin may reveal alopecia, erythema, edema, nodules or masses, pruritic lesions (such as papules or pustules), seborrhea (oily or dry), scaling/miliary dermatitis (small white lesions), alopecia (absence of hair) or hyperpigmentation/bleaching of hair coat. Additionally, fleas and other ectoparasites should be noted during the physical examination.
The dermatologic evaluation includes cytology (examination of cells obtained from superficial skin scrapings) which can reveal bacteria, yeast, mites, or other parasites, and microscopic examination for fungal elements. Serum chemistry tests such as complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry panel are also recommended to evaluate systemic issues which may be causing pruritus in cats, such as renal disease or diabetes mellitus. Skin biopsy can diagnose certain diseases when other tests are definitively inconclusive.
Treatment
Treatment for pruritus in cats is based on an accurate diagnosis; therefore, it is essential to identify the underlying cause before initiating any treatment. An appropriate treatment plan should address local skin issues such as inflammation or infection and systemic problems such as allergies or endocrine disorders.
Local Skin Treatment: The most common cause of pruritus in cats is flea allergy dermatitis which should be treated with flea control products applied monthly throughout the year regardless of seasonality. Various topical products are available, including adulticides (killing adult fleas) and insect growth regulators (preventing eggs from hatching). In cases where there is a bacterial infection present topical antibiotics may also be prescribed along with anti-inflammatory medications such as glucocorticoids if needed for symptom relief. In cases where parasites are present, such as mites, topical antiparasitic agents should be used along with systemic medications if needed. Antihistamines may also relieve symptoms, although they do not treat the underlying cause of pruritus, so they are typically used in combination with other treatments instead of alone.
Systemic Treatment: In cases where allergies are suspected, immunotherapy may provide long-term relief from symptoms by inducing desensitization to allergens through injection therapy over several months, with gradual doses increasing over time until full desensitization is achieved. Additionally, antihistamines can provide short-term relief from symptoms but do not treat allergies directly, so immunotherapy should still be considered if allergies are suspected, even if antihistamines help reduce symptoms in the short term. Endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism must also be considered when diagnosing pruritus; if present, thyroxine supplementation may improve symptoms, but blood tests must be performed regularly throughout treatment to ensure that levels remain within normal range since too much thyroxine can have adverse effects on health, including cardiac arrhythmias. Hence, regular monitoring is necessary for safe treatment.
Conclusion
Determining an accurate diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment for pruritus in cats requires a comprehensive approach involving a detailed history taking and physical examination combined with laboratory testing when necessary to identify the underlying cause before initiating therapy. Treatment should address both local skin issues along with any systemic issues present such as allergies or endocrine disorders, depending on what is found during evaluation; this will vary depending on each case, but addressing both local skin conditions and systemic issues when applicable can help provide long-term relief from symptoms for cats suffering from pruritus.
